Israel plans to start work next month on a bypass road that will close off the heart of the occupied West Bank to Palestinians and cement the de facto annexation of an area critical for the viability of a future Palestinian state.
The road is a key part of the blueprint for a vast illegal new settlement in the E1 area east of Jerusalem, which would fragment the occupied West Bank. The Israeli finance minister, Bezalel Smotrich, said the plans were intended to "bury the idea of a Palestinian state".
Designed as a sealed transit corridor for Palestinian vehicles, the bypass will provide Israel with a pretext to bar Palestinians from existing roads in the planned settlement area, where only Israeli vehicles will be permitted.
The bypass was nicknamed "sovereignty road" when initial construction was approved in 2020 by the then defence minister, Naftali Bennett, who celebrated the project's role as a tool of annexation. "We're applying sovereignty in deeds, not words," he said at the time.
The current defence minister, Israel Katz, said last year that road construction and settlement expansion would strengthen Israel's "hold" on the occupied West Bank.
The E1 area covers about 3% of the occupied West Bank, a triangle of land between Jerusalem, Bethlehem and Ramallah that is critical for the development and prosperity of a future Palestinian state.
Opponents call the bypass "apartheid road" because it forces Palestinians and Israelis into separate transport systems.
It will also be an instrument for ethnic cleansing of remaining Palestinian communities in the area said Hagit Ofran, a settlement expert at the Israeli advocacy group Peace Now. "They want the land, they don't want the people," she said.
If the new Israeli settlement is built, it will in effect sever the north and south of the occupied West Bank for Palestinians, and further isolate occupied East Jerusalem from other Palestinian communities.
Building a road for Palestinians to transit across this area would not offset the impact of annexing the land itself for Israeli settlers, Ofran said.
Notice of the impending start of construction was given to Palestinians affected by the road, who had petitioned Israeli courts to halt the bypass. Their lawyer, Neta Amar-Sheif, got a letter last week giving 45 days to object to the work.
The route planned for the road passes over houses in the community of As Saraiya, which are slated for demolition. Other communities, including Elazariya, Abu Dis and Sawahra, will be isolated within the Israeli settlement bloc.
"They can theoretically decide to put a checkpoint in Elazariya and allow residents' cars permits for the area, but you cannot sustain a community life if you are in an enclave of Israelis," Ofran said.
"What is likely to happen is those communities will be disconnected from their surroundings and either immediately evicted or pushed out."
Construction of the road is moving ahead as Israel prepares to start building more than 3,000 homes in the E1 area, neighbouring the existing settlement of Ma'ale Adumim.
Anyone travelling from the E1 area into Israel now must go through a checkpoint to reach Jerusalem. Once Palestinians are excluded from roads here, the checkpoint will be removed, allowing for unbroken travel into Jerusalem for Israelis.
"They can start the construction without paving the road, they can even build E1 without the road but it's going to be very hard on the traffic," Ofran said. "If you really want to attract people, then you need the road. It's part of the whole idea."
When Israel gave formal planning approval to the E1 project last year more than 20 countries including the UK, France, Canada and Australia condemned that decision as an unacceptable violation of international law that risked fuelling violence.
The UN's international court of justice in 2024 ruled that Israel's occupation of Palestinian territories was illegal and in a sweeping advisory opinion ordered Israel to end it "as rapidly as possible" and make full reparations.
Since then, however, the Israeli government has pursued an aggressive agenda of settlement expansion across the West Bank, with little domestic opposition from any mainstream political party.