When was the last time you actually cleaned out your medicine cabinet? If you're like most people, the answer is somewhere between 'can't remember' and 'never.'
Millions of Americans are harboring leftover capsules, creams and drops, both prescription and over-the-counter, long past their best-by dates.
But experts recommend going through your supplies urgently, as holding on to expired medications, leftover opioids or redundant treatments doesn't just clutter your home.
Forgotten medicines lose their effectiveness, become unsafe and can pose a danger to someone else in the home. The riskiest among them are highly addictive painkillers and leftover antibiotics.
'It's bad enough opioids are highly addictive, but leftover pills in the medicine cabinet are a disaster waiting to happen,' Dr James Chao, chief medical officer and co-Founder of wellness brand VedaNu Wellness, told the Daily Mail.
'As for antibiotics, taking an incomplete course of an old antibiotic to treat a new infection is a recipe for antibiotic resistance.'
Dr Sam Zand, a psychiatrist, added: 'By using these medications after their expiration dates or improperly stored medications can become less effective or unstable, causing either inadequate treatment, unwanted side effects or overdose.'
Below, Daily Mail details the drugs that you shouldn't leave hanging around your medicine cabinet.
Experts told the Daily Mail that if it's been over a year since your last thorough check through your stash of medicines, now's the time. Always keep medications out of reach of children and pets and store opioids where they can't be found.
Expired Medications
It's time to throw out that cough syrup from the 2024 flu season and the big bottle of aspirin you bought during the second Obama administration.
Expired drugs may not work as intended. For something like a headache or seasonal allergies, that might mean the medicine does not help as much as expected.
But for more serious conditions -- such as heart or seizure medication or an EpiPen -- taking a weaker version could have real consequences.
There are also significant safety concerns. Some medications don't just lose effectiveness; they can actually become harmful as they degrade.
Medications contain active ingredients plus inactive ones like binders and preservatives. Over time, heat, moisture, light or age can trigger chemical reactions that break down active ingredients into new compounds -- some of which may be toxic or irritating.
An example is tetracycline antibiotics, prescribed to treat bacterial infections.
As they age, they undergo a chemical change that produces a degradation product called anhydrotetracycline, which has been linked to a rare but serious kidney condition called Fanconi syndrome.
Liquid medications like syrups are especially prone to bacterial growth once they have been opened. The preservatives that keep ingredients sterile degrade over time.
When that happens, bacteria can multiply inside the bottle. Using these products can introduce bacteria into a person's eyes, ears or digestive system, progressing to an infection.
'Leftover' Antibiotics
While doctors advise their patients to complete the full antibiotic regimen they are prescribed for an infection, many people find themselves with 'leftover' antibiotics in their medicine cabinets that they keep around for a 'just in case' scenario.
But antibiotics are not interchangeable. Each one is designed to target specific families of bacteria. The cephalexin that your doctor prescribed for skin irritation will do little to treat your strep throat.
A simple bacterial infection that could have cleared quickly with the correct antibiotic may drag on. In more serious cases, such as a kidney infection or developing pneumonia, that delay can mean the difference between a speedy recovery and a hospital stay.
The greatest concern with antibiotic misuse is antibiotic resistance, a growing threat in which bacteria evolve to evade the effects of antibiotics, rendering infections difficult or impossible to treat.
An antibiotic kills off the bacteria susceptible to it, but in any population of bacteria, there may be a few that have genetic traits that make them less vulnerable to that particular drug.
Taking the wrong antibiotic, the wrong dose or stopping treatment too soon allows those tougher bacteria to survive. They multiply, and soon the infection is back; this time with bacteria that have been exposed to the antibiotic and learned to outsmart it.
The CDC has called antimicrobial resistance one of the most urgent public health threats.
More than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur in the US each year and more than 35,000 people die, often linked to bacteria that have become resistant because of inappropriate antibiotic use.
Old Opioids
That bottle of pain pills left over from a dental procedure or knee surgery might seem harmless tucked away in the medicine cabinet, but unused opioids are one of the most dangerous things you can keep in the home.
'It always starts with leftover opioid painkillers,' Chao said.
'Patients often hang onto hydrocodone and oxycodone after dental work or minor surgery only to find unused pills in their cabinets months or even years later.'
Nearly half of the people who misused prescription pain relievers in the past year said they got the pills for free from a friend or relative -- often from a medicine cabinet, not a dealer.
Roughly 60 percent of people prescribed opioids keep the pills they do not need for the pain anymore for future use. That means millions of homes across the country are holding onto a drug that, in the wrong hands, can lead to addiction, overdose or death.
The risk goes beyond someone actively hunting for pills. A child could mistake them for something more benign. A teen might experiment. A guest could slip one into their pocket without anyone noticing.
Even well-meaning sharing, like giving a pill to a friend or family member in pain, is illegal and dangerous; the dose may be wrong, or it could interact fatally with other medications they’re on.
Redundant Laxatives
Open the average medicine cabinet and you might find several types of laxatives -- pills, powders, suppositories and mild stimulants. This overload can create confusion and often leads to a dysfunctional relationship with your digestive system.
Most over-the-counter laxatives are intended for occasional, short-term use. When used chronically, especially stimulant laxatives, they can actually worsen constipation over time, creating a cycle where the bowel becomes dependent on chemical stimulation to function.
Beyond dependency, regular misuse can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances and damage to the colon's nerve function.
If you have multiple laxatives on hand, it likely means you have not yet found a solution that actually works. You might be cycling through different mechanisms, including stimulants and stool softeners, hoping one will deliver relief in the restroom.
This scattered approach makes it difficult to track what is helping and what is harming.
A single, non-habit-forming option used occasionally, under guidance, is almost always preferable to a pharmacy's worth of backups.
Chronic constipation is a medical condition. If you find yourself stockpiling laxatives, it is time to see a doctor or gastroenterologist to investigate underlying causes, including diet, hydration, medication side effects, pelvic floor dysfunction or motility disorders.
Old over-the-counter eye drops
Many medicine cabinets contain old non-prescription eye drops with expiration dates that have long passed. They might be for redness or maybe for allergies.
People hold on to them because they seem harmless to use months or years later, but a few drops here and there are anything but. Old eye drops pose a major contamination risk.
Unlike pills, which can simply lose potency over time,preservative-free eye drops have no safety net once opened. Bacteria can multiply in the bottle within a couple of weeks.
Even preserved eye drops lose their antimicrobial effectiveness over time.
Putting those drops into your eye, an organ with direct access to the bloodstream, can introduce infections ranging from mild irritation to blindness-inducing corneal ulcers.
If you have eyedrops lurking in your medical arsenal from previous allergy seasons, the best thing to do is throw them away and buy a new bottle this spring.
'The best way of disposing of medications is through drug take-back programs, such as the one coming up on April 30,' said registered nurse Teri Dreher Frykenberg.
'A clean medicine cabinet is a safe medicine cabinet. If it's been a year or more since your medicine cabinet has had a thorough going-over, now is the time. As always, keep medications away from children and pets and don't leave opioids where anyone can find them.'